Rats

The rabbit estrous cycle: A comprehensive review

2024-03-22T13:24:34+03:00

The reproductive system of the female rabbit is a complex and specialized structure. Its proper functioning is crucial for the success of rabbit breeding. This study provides a detailed examination of the anatomy, physiology, and estrous cycle of the female rabbit reproductive system. The female rabbit reproductive system consists of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Each of these organs has a specific structure and function that are essential for reproduction. Female rabbits reach puberty at an average age of 3.5 months. They become capable of pregnancy at 4-4.5 months. The recommended age for first breeding is between 4 and 9 months. Female rabbits do not have a regular estrous cycle. They have a characteristically induced ovulation. The estrous cycle averages 16-18 days in length, and the female rabbit is receptive to mating for 12-14 days. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes the growth and development of follicles. Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation and initiates progesterone production. Progesterone is essential for pregnancy and allows the uterus to prepare a suitable environment for embryonic development. Ovulation occurs 10-13 hours after mating. After ovulation, granulosa cells form a structure called the corpus luteum (CL). The CL secretes progesterone and regresses through a process called luteolysis if pregnancy does not occur. The estrous cycle is divided into four phases: diestrus, proestrus, estrus, and metestrus. Vaginal cytology and behavioral observation are common methods used for estrus detection. Behavioral signs include swelling and redness of the vulva, lordosis position, interest in the male rabbit, and nest building. In conclusion, the female rabbit reproductive system and estrous cycle are highly complex and specialized. Academic research and detailed studies will contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive system and the development of more effective methods in rabbit breeding.

Determination of CTLA-4 levels in spleen tissue of rats treated with ginger oil (Zingiber Officinale) by immunohistochemical methods

2024-06-03T16:38:29+03:00

This study was investigated to determine CTLA-4 levels in the spleen tissue of rats treated with ginger oil (Zingiber officinale) by immunohistochemical methods. For the study, 21 male Sprague-dawley rats of 250-300 g weight were used. The groups were formed as control group, ginger 100 mg/kg group and ginger 500 mg/kg group. Histological and immunohistochemical methods were applied to the spleen tissues taken at the end of the study. Red and white pulp, central artery, trabeculae and vena trabecularis were found to have normal histological structure in the spleen tissue of all groups. Weak CTLA-4 immunoreactivity was detected in the red and white pulp in the spleen tissue of the control and ginger 100 mg/kg groups, and moderate CTLA-4 immunoreactivity was detected in the ginger 500 mg/kg group. In our study, it was determined that ginger oil administration at different doses did not cause histological changes in the spleen tissue and increased CTLA-4 immunoreactivity in the ginger 500 mg/kg group. Based on our results, it is concluded that in order to fully explain the effects of ginger administration on the spleen, it is necessary to determine the efficacy of different doses, forms and administration forms of ginger.

Determination of Oxidative Damage Caused by Methotrexate and 5-Fluorouracil in Liver, Heart and Kidney Tissue in Rats

2024-02-12T14:54:42+03:00

5-Fluorourosil (5-FU), birçok kanser türünde kemoterapi ilacı olarak kullanılan bir pirimidin analoğudur. Metotreksat (MTX) birçok hastalıkta terapötik ilaç ve kemoterapötik ajan olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak tedavi edici özelliğinin yanı sıra karaciğer, böbrek gibi organlarda da hasara neden olur. Bu çalışmada, 2 aylık erkek Sprague Dawley sıçanları, karaciğer, böbrek ve kalpteki oksidatif hasarın belirlenmesi amacıyla her grupta 5 hayvan olacak şekilde Grup 1: Kontrol, Grup 2: MTX, Grup 3: 5-FU gruplarına ayrıldı. Dokular. Uygulamadan bir gün sonra sıçanlara anestezi uygulandı, servikal dislokasyon sonrası karın ön duvarı kesi ile açıldı ve karaciğer, böbrek ve kalp dokuları çıkarıldı. Bu dokularda malondialdehit (MDA), nitrik oksit (NO) ve indirgenmiş glutatyon (GSH) düzeyleri belirlendi. MTX ve 5-FU gruplarında kontrol grubuna göre karaciğer GSH düzeyleri anlamlı derecede düşük (p<0,001), MDA ve NO düzeyleri ise anlamlı derecede yüksek (p<0,05) idi. Benzer şekilde MTX ve 5-FU gruplarında renal GSH düzeyleri kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı derecede düşük (p<0,01), MDA düzeyleri her iki grupta da anlamlı derecede yüksek (p<0,01) ve NO düzeyleri anlamlı derecede yüksekti (p<0,05). ) yalnızca MTX grubunda. Kalp dokusunda MTX ve 5-FU gruplarında kontrol grubuna göre GSH düzeyleri anlamlı olarak düşük (p<0,01), MDA anlamlı olarak yüksek (p<0,05) ve NO anlamlı olarak yüksek (p<0,05) idi. Sonuç olarak MTX ve 5-FU'nun böbrek, karaciğer ve kalp dokusunda oksidatif hasara neden olabileceği, oksidatif hasar belirteçleri ve antioksidan düzeylerinde değişikliklere neden olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Mycoplasma spp., Clostridium Piliforme, Streptobacillus Moniliformis, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Pasteurellaceae spp., Helicobacter spp. infections in Rats

2024-05-01T00:36:32+03:00

The mouse microbiome, defined as all bacterial species found in or on the mouse, and their interactions among themselves and with their environment, are always present. Non-infective agents or pathogenicity of infective agents can lead to various diseases. The flora of mice in the mevuct will become more complex depending on their housing and rearing conditions, meaning that more bacterial species will colonize mice. The same strain may have different flora in different experimental animal breeders. Opportunistic pathogen is often referred to as ‘‘opportunistic’’ agent or even simply ‘‘opportunistic’’but it is a definition that blends both commensal flora and primary pathogens. Rats, the most commonly used species of experimental animals, are susceptible to a range of bacterial infections that can be enzootic or sporadic but can have high morbidity and motility rates leading to severe disease. When formulating differential diagnoses for sick or diseased animals, it must be recognized that diseases that were once common in animals imported in the 1960s and 1970s are now rare. It is also important to recognize that housing and sanitation conditions can affect exposure to potentially pathogenic bacteria. Animals raised in areas where biosecurity measures are emphasized may be exposed to many more potential pathogens than animals raised in mixed or free-range environments. Much of the available literature describing the clinical and epizoological features of bacterial infections of this type is dated and scientists should be encouraged to study the prevalence in rats and publish their results in more detail.

Usage areas of ozone in animal health as an alternative treatment method

2024-02-06T17:29:37+03:00

Ozone is getting more and more attention as a treatment method used in alternative medicine. It is stated that ozone has many positive effects on animal health. In this review, the uses of ozone in animal health were examined. Ozone is used to increase blood circulation and oxygenation, as it increases the use of oxygen in the body. Ozone, thanks to its antioxidant properties, shows anti-inflammatory effects and strengthens the immune system. The anti-aging feature of ozone, which is reported to be used in the treatment of infections, is also known. Ozone therapy is gaining increasing acceptance as an alternative medicine treatment method and can be effective in the treatment of many health problems.