Tendon and bone healing: Integrating physiology, autografts, and regenerative strategies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18100608Keywords:
Tendon healing, bioengineering, tendon injuries, scarless healing, bioprinting, exosomesAbstract
Tendon and bone injuries are crucial components of the locomotor system. They can be damaged easily, and they require a long time rest for healing. Sometimes the healing process could be no existed due to the limited regenerative capacity and slow healing, so there are significant clinical challenges remaining. Although they appear structurally simple, their hierarchical organization, cellular heterogeneity, and tightly regulated healing phases reveal a complex biological system that is highly sensitive to mechanical and molecular disturbances.
Recent advances in bioengineering have introduced scaffold-based and exosome-based strategies as promising approaches to improve tendon healing outcomes. In aspects of bone healing, although already used technological approaches exist, the American Food and Drug Administration approved developments are highlighted in recent years. This review integrates current knowledge on tendon and bone physiology, the autograft approach, and emerging bioengineering strategies. Thus, the new approaches are how far from the clinics.
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